Economy and Society of Historical Brazil Essay

This essay investigates how the political distribution of land and the employment of coerced labor on sugar plantations and mining affected the development of economies and societies in colonial Brazil. Distribution of land in colonial Brail was politically-motivated and strikingly unequal. Landlords owned huge territories and exerted considerable influence upon both people residing in that territories and local governance institutions. People who didn’t own land were completely powerless against the tyranny of landlords. Furthermore, unequal distribution of land had negative economic consequences: landlords owned more land than they could manage, so great areas were used in a wasteful way (Wright & Wolford, 2003). As concerns coerced labor, slavery also had a profound impact on Brazilian economy and society. Coerced labor was used in sugar-cane mills, gold mines, and sugar plantation. Slavery contributed significantly to the economic development of the country, especially of its North-Eastern parts. Coerced labor can be regarded as a major factor in turning Brazil into export-oriented agricultural economy. As for the influence on the society, resistance among slaves used to be a source of constant social tension. However, in cultural terms, certain elements of African culture eventually fitted well in the mainstream culture of the country, Capoeira being the most telling example. Also, slave trade become a source of quick accumulation of wealth by certain categories of population, like traders and slave market owners. Thus, the political distribution of land and use of coerced labor can be regarded as two major factor shaping the economy and social structure of colonial Brazil.

Cross-Cultural Perspectives Essay

The Coca Cola Company, the world’s largest multinational beverage manufacturer and corporation, operates bottling plants and sells its products in more than 200 countries across the globe (The Coca Cola Company, 2014). Coca Cola’s massive global presence requires the organization to understand the different cultures of its many host countries; the laws within each country; and the business norms, styles, as well as practices of each country it conducts business operations in. The company has developed and implemented numerous policies, regulations, and guidelines for its suppliers, operation management, and employees in its various host countries. But, all of this detailed undertaking to address transparencies in the corporation’s supply chains throughout the world did not stop its El Salvadoran bottling and manufacturing plant’s management from purchasing refined sugar from a mill which used child labor. According to Human Rights Watch (HRW), up to one third of the workers on El Salvador’s sugarcane plantations are under the age of 18, with many starting to work in the fields between the ages of eight and eleven (HRW, 2004). Even though, the national and international child labor authorities prohibit minors under the age of 18 from performing hazardous or harmful work, plantation owners define these young children and teenagers who work with their parents as â€Å"helpers† instead of the workers they actually are (Veracity, 2006). The above paragraph represents one of the many cross-cultural issues facing Coca Cola and the myriad of other multinational organizations interactions outside the United States. In these various host countries having your children working beside you is considered common cultural practices; it provides additional income for the family’s survival because the poor state of many of their country’s economy (such as El Salvador) allows these injustices to continue. Regardless, of why these children are working in the sugarcane fields, and the fact that Coca Cola does not actually purchase its  refined sugar directly from the plantations, the company is in direct violation of its own â€Å"Guiding Principles for Suppliers to Coca Cola Company† policy. The policy states that, â€Å"Suppliers will not use child labor as defined by local law,† but Coca Cola fails to extend this policy one step further in the supply chain to include the supplier’s supplier of raw material (Veracity, 2006). So, in the long-term means that the organization is just as socially and ethically responsible for the use of child labor as well as the harm working in the field create as the suppliers and the plantation owners. The Coca Cola formula was invented in 1886 by pharmacist John Stith Pemberton in Columbus, Georgia; and the formula as well as the brand was purchased in 1889 by Asa Griggs Chandler who incorporated The Coca Cola Company in 1892 (The Coca Cola Company, 2014). Throughout its many years of operations the business always demonstrated strong market orientation; exhibited strategic decision making processes; and took actions to attract, satisfy, and retain customers. All of these positive actions have just added to company’ s advantage and profitability over competitors in the beverage industry, which is why they are number one in the world. Nevertheless, as the organization began to expand its operations into more and more host countries around the globe it has been involve with quite a number of misconduct and questionable unethical behavior. As a result, these legal and ethical problems have had an impact on the corporation’s financial performances, investor trust, and reduced its sales levels. Today’s Coca Cola Company is now engaging in an operation to rebuild its brand image and credibility, improve its sells, and reinforce its reputation by developing and implementing stronger company ethical and social responsibility throughout its entire global marketplace (The Coca Cola Company, 2014). There have been a number of events other than child labor in El Salvador where Coca Cola has been involved and held accountable in unethical behavior. In Colombia, Turkey, and Guatemala bottling plants the company has been accused of hiring paramilitary mercenaries to assassinate, torture, and coerce workers, their family members, and union leaders as they attempted to unionize to protect workers from unfair treatment and abuse by the host countries’ employers. These incidents sparked an campaign entitled, â€Å"Stop Killer Coke†, and a 2009 PBS documentary filmed by German Gutierezz and Carmen Garcia entitled, â€Å"The Coca-Cola Case†Ã‚  to reveal the company’s practices to consumers around the world (Huff, E. A., 2010). Of course, Coca Cola denied the allegations against the company and its bottling partners, where cleared of any wrong doing in the foreign courts. When the case was brought to the United States, Coca Cola fought and succeeded in having its name removed from the lawsuit (Huff, E. A., 2010). Another ethical and social responsibility issue the company encountered, actually there are two environmental issues concerning the depletion of groundwater and polluting of water in India. Coca Cola operates 52 water intensive bottling plants in India using 3.8 liters of freshwater to generate a liter of carbonated drink. While in the Southern Indian village of Plachimada in Kerala state groundwater along with loca l wells dried up forcing residents to rely on water supplies trucked in daily by the government due to persistent droughts, and the company’s bottling plants. In the rural Indian state of Uttar Pradesh where farming is the primary industry the residents have been experiencing similar conditions, only the government is not supplying enough water for the crops. As a result of the groundwater depletion situations the business is not only responsible for the loss of livelihood and hunger for the many citizens across India, but the creation of thirst. In 2003, the other issues of polluted water were discovered near the Kerala and Uttar Pradesh bottling plants. Sludge containing high levels of cadmium, lead, and chromium was given to farmers as free fertilizer to tribal farmers who lived near the plants, but the need for fresh water was overlooked by Coca Cola. As a side note, an Indian nonprofit group tested 57 carbonated beverages made by both Coca Cola and Pepsi at 25 bottling plants were found to be contaminated with between three and five different pesticides (The Corporation, 2009). Although, the organization denied creating the problems, the Indian government ordered Coca Cola to shut down one of its $25 million plants. The organization then thought long and hard about its corporate social responsibility (and lost revenue); and decided to improve their business practices in the local communities, reduced the water usage by 34%, started rainwater harvesting, and returned substantial amounts of water to depleted aquifers. They also stopped distributing sludge, joined with the Indian government to develop additional solid waste disposal sites, and began treating the water used to make soft drinks with activated carbon filtration (The Corporation, 2009). Coca Cola conducted all of these improvements to regain the trust of the local communities and the Indian government. But, my question would be, why not practice these ethical and corporate responsibility policies from the beginning? As more and more organizations are utilizing the opportunity of transitioning into multinational operations, they will have to research how business is conducted, the local laws, as well as the government policies and operation methods of every host country they wish to operate in. Then they will have to incorporate and implement all of their ethical and corporate social responsibility they employ in their home country universally throughout the entire business operation. Creating a unified culture that will adhere to a high level of business behavior in all global operations, respecting all of the local workforces’ cultures and traditions, and eliminating the use of any unethical values or behaviors from home and abroad. References Huff, E. A. (2010, May, 22). Coca Cola’s Murderous Record of Anti-Union Activity Exposed Retrieved from http://www.naturalnews.com/028844_coca-cola_html. The Coca Cola Company (2014). Retrieved from http://www.coca-colacompany.com/our-company. The Corporation (2009). Ethical Issues Concerning Coca-Cola in India. Retrieved from http://imaginecorporation.blogspot.com/ethical-issues-concerning-cocacola-in.html Veracity, D. (2006). Coca-Cola, Human Rights and Child Labor Retrieved from http://www.naturalmatters.net/article.asp?article=1301&cat=219

Analytic Commentary- The analytic commentary will be a succinct Essay

Analytic Commentary- The analytic commentary will be a succinct evaluative piece of writing which identifies the main features o - Essay Example Such alarms have been associated with problems such as the wearing away of suitable play areas (Rivkin, 1998); the growth in ‘stranger dangers’ (Valentine & McKendrick, 1997); the shift towards more home-centered leisure activities founded on television and video games (Clements, 2004); and the growth in childhood obesity (Ebbeling et al., 2002). At the same time, concerns have been communicated about the perceived over-formalization of children’s early educational experiences. Unsurprisingly, then, early years teachers are now being asked to initiate a more experiential, play-based approach to learning which integrates a greater use of the outdoor environment (DfES, 2007). One way in which schools are supporting children’s play and learning in the outdoor environment is through participation in ‘Forest School’. Forest School has been defined by the Forest School England network as: An inspirational process that offers children, young people an d adults regular opportunities to achieve, and develop confidence and self-esteem through hands-on learning experiences in a woodland environment. (Murray, & O’Brien, 2005) The university that was visited for the Forest School is known for its open space that comprised of places where children could freely move and participate in various physical activities. It included areas where children with the help of their imagination could create stories that would help in the development of cognitive abilities, spaces that would protect from rain and sunlight, provide opportunities for challenges and contact with nature. Numerous researches have supported the advantages of learning in the natural environment and maintained that children need to play, to experience space, movement and sensory stimulation for healthy development (Knight, 2009; Maynard, 2007). The Forest School experience endorses sensory child-led outdoor play, supporting and stimulating curiosity and absorption. Wilso n (2008) indicates that the natural world along with its amazing rich sources of sensory stimulation, offers countless opportunities to experience beauty. It can therefore serve as a perfect source for aesthetic development of children. The present environment provided children with a range of opportunities for natural sensory experiences which is also illustrated in form of photographs in Appendix A. The components of nature were discovered through dynamic activities focusing on the wonders of nature felt through the senses (Forest School Norfolk, 2009). The sense of smell was experienced through flowers, soil and wood that were discovered in Forest School. The sense of seeing was fulfilled by the colors of nature, variety of insects and plant life. The colourful insects at the site greatly attracted the children as one of them even asked if he could touch the centipede to have a close look. Similarly, various textures such as smooth grass, barks and gravel path offered stimulus fo r their sense of touch. In addition, chirping of the birds, quacking of the ducks, snapping twigs and moving water provided stimulus for their auditory senses. On the other hand, the sense of taste was fulfilled by providing children with hot chocolate and biscuits for snacks. The environment provided inspiration for all senses including visual, auditory and

Catastrophes, Cultures, and the Angry Earth Essay

Catastrophes, Cultures, and the Angry Earth - Essay Example â€Å"The waters came and took our house and all of our belongings. Now we have returned and officials tell us that we can’t rebuild here, our land will be used for something else. This is our land, we want it back, and we want our lives back.† -----Anonymous Survivor in Aceh, 2005 â€Å"We would all love to see Tokyo rebuilt along the lines of Paris or Berlin, but do we have the resources? No! Why should people in rural areas who suffer each year, toil and sweat yet more for those of Tokyo? Rural areas need attention too, they are the foundation of the nation.† -----Japanese Parliamentarian, 1923 Answer: In the course, the main idea being taught revolves around the nature of the human society specifically during the time of catastrophes and disasters. Based on the quotation that introduced the course according to the historian Marc Bloch, calamities are instruments that help see, study, and analyze the nature of human society. This can be attributed to the fact that as a human body, society has the capacity to maintain, to operate, and to defend itself. It also has the capacity to rebuild once it had been destroyed. The only question in the process of coping with the different forms of trials and disasters is the manner by which it can be undertaken. The course is aimed to open the minds of the students to the need for larger and more holistic objectives in the society which can help understand the reason for the need for continuous improvement of the different groups in the society such as political, economic, and social institutions. Due to the continuous exposure to natural disasters, human society had learned to establish ways and means to cope with the effects of calamities and disasters. The lessons of the pasts and the technologies of the present are used as tools to plan and to cope with possible dangers in the future. Discussion of the First Quote: Calamity in Aceh The first quote was expressed by an anonymous survivor in the calamity that affected Aceh in 2005. Based on the quote, aside from the natural calamity which is the flood that affected many lives, there are other issues that hinder the process of recovery and reconstruction. Upon the return of the survivors to their land, officials prohibited reconstruction. Thus, the aside from the fact that the natural calamity took their home, the social and political issues and policies affected their land. There are different issues that can be discussed in the quote since it expressed a view of the different dynamics that can occur in times of disasters. One is the background of the disaster in Aceh. Aceh, formally known as Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam (or the State of Aceh, Abode of Peace) is considered as one of the most Islamic region of Indonesia. The culture and traditions of Aceh is strongly based on Islamic principles and practices. For that matter, religion can be considered as one of the guiding view in times of major calamities and natural disasters (Clarke, Fanany, and Kenny, 2010, p. 30). Due to the influence of Islam in the culture of Aceh, it is considered as one of the main context in terms of the study of the event of 2005. The Islamic law, or sharia, is known to affect the post-tsunami state of Aceh resulting to the question on the re construction and rehabilitation efforts in the area. The political policy in the state had been considered as one of the most highlighted factor in the rehabilitation problems since it is the only state in the country that applies Islamic law. The application of religious laws on political context can be considered as a point of continuous criticism since it can greatly affect the road to reconstruction of Aceh (Clarke, Fanany,

The Horse Gallops co for Information mangment system Case Study

The Horse Gallops co for Information mangment system - Case Study Example There are several departments in the company dealing with the various logistics required in real estate. The contractors deal with the building of houses, while the maintenance department ensures that the commercial units are well maintained and operational. The trading and mortgage department deal with payment of the houses and general financial matters, while the general services department deals with serving the customers’ needs. I am the general manager of the Horse and Gallops Company. My role in the company is to ensure that the requirements of every customer are met by the various departments. It is, therefore, my job to link the various departments and ensure that the houses or commercial units are finished in time and as promised. There have been several complaints from customers that these departments are not linked and one has to jump from office to office to solve their problems. When it comes to payment there is also a disconnection between an individual who has to pay cash to the various departments. This problem is especially common when a customer wants more than one partition. Shaping of new businesses means latest threats for the businesses. New trends in Horse and Gallops are frequently employed to curb these risks. With the growth of the business, purchasing and developing innovative technological keys that cater to dangers that did not exist in the company when it was established should be enhanced. As different parties respond differently to unlike hazards, this enables them to set security aims. Understanding security perils is an extremely crucial step for organizations that want to set up security policies that can prevent future hazards. This approach is also called Threat scrutiny. It simply entails on pointing out the assets at risk, plus the evaluation of potential dangers on them. This is the most faced threat by most of today’s companies. The emerging and constant

The Five Porter Forces Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Five Porter Forces - Essay Example This is thus applicable to the Coke and Pepsi industries who are major rivals in the production of carbonated soft drinks. The structure of the concentrated producers is such that a blend of the raw material ingredient  is produced, packaged in plastic canisters and taken to the bottlers. Concentrate producers add artificial sweeteners to carbonated drinks while the bottlers add sugar or high fructose is making the process of the former to be less capital intensive than the latter. Production cost is low under the concentrate producers with little capital being used on machinery, labor and overheads and still ensuring that production can serve the whole of the United States (Greenwald & Kahn 91). Innovation and sophistication is a key goal in the firm with high investments awarded to marketing, advertising, research, promotion and bottler support. However, key emphasis is given to the development of customer development agreements with other advanced companies to promote marketing strategies and employment of many people to meet the production demand Bottlers on the other hand add sugar, carbonated water, high fructose corn syrup to the concentrates and packed it ready for delivery to customers. The sales include maximization of space, positioning of brand, setting displays and points of sale and coming up with promotional activities. The process of the bottlers is capital intensive, involves high speed and high cost the o produce a package that is of similar type and size. Much of the system is capital intensive with major investments being accounted for trucks and distribution process. The industry structure of the concentrate producers is more attractive based on the model provided by Porter on industrial framework.  

Deciphering Organizational Culture through Artifacts Term Paper

Deciphering Organizational Culture through Artifacts - Term Paper Example Organisational culture is evidenced in the manner in which the business conducts its activities such as interactions with stakeholders like customers, employees and the wider society (Mukherjee, 2005). It is also manifested by extend in which creativity and individual imitativeness are tolerated in the organisation (Mukherjee, 2005). In addition, culture is evidenced in the levels of the organisational structure and the chain of command that influences the channels of information flow in the organisation. Proper organisational culture enhances employee commitment to the shared mission and objectives of the organisation (Mukherjee, 2005). The culture will also enhance or hinder the productivity and performance of each individual employee in the organisation. Shared organisational culture unites multicultural workforce thus leading to a sense of unity and appreciation of the differences in their cultural backgrounds (Brown, 1998). In this case, the culture will foster conflict resoluti on and efficient communication thus leading to perceptions of equality among the diverse workforce. Organisational culture also enables the organisation to retain and attract highly qualified skilled manpower since the right culture enables employees have a sense of higher personal accomplishment by being part of the organisational workforce (Mohanty & Rath, 72). Organisational culture enables employees increase their productivity since they expect to earn appreciation and recognition from the top management. (Brown, 1998). The culture facilitates achievement of the mission of the organisation through enabling employees take responsibility for their roles and responsibilities in the organisation (Brown, 1998). The culture affects the organisation in several ways. The culture acts as the organisational identity and contributes to brand image formation (Brown, 1998). Culture enables the organisations create energy and momentum for future success through outlining the employee attribut es and behaviours that are essential for the attainment of the mission of the organisation. The culture promotes healthy relationships in the organisation thus limiting the chances of employee grievances and go-slows that may negatively impact on the continuance of operations and productivity in the organisation (Brown, 1998). The culture influences the rate of innovation and new product development in the organisation (Brown, 1998). A culture that tolerates risk will encourage employees to experiment news ideas without fear of making mistakes thus contributing to higher chances of implementation of innovative working processes

Improving health for the psychiatric population Essay - 1

Improving health for the psychiatric population - Essay Example Each person is entitled to a good mental health to enable them to adhere to their roles in school, family and at work. According to EC (2005 p4), â€Å"mental health is a state of well-being in which the individual realizes hi or her abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community.† However, mental illness is accompanied by depression, stress, and mental strains, hence rendering a person incapable of acting normal. Nevertheless, Psychiatric problems may be hereditary, environmental, or economic. Psychiatric illness affects a country’s economy via loss of production through early retirement. Therefore, the need for mental health improvement on the general population is important; as its related challenges need to be addressed; for instance, stigma and human rights. Studies on the psychiatric population have been conducted over the past years, including the causes, symptoms, and treatment. According to Stewart, et al (2009 p749), manual restraining was commonly used in Psychiatric hospitals as a way of managing violent behaviors of the patients. Violent behaviors among the psychiatric patients are usually high; therefore, manual restraint is commonly used to calm the patient down. This method involves restraining the patient on the floor in a prone position to restrict any movement; however, such reaction lasts for about ten minutes. Stewart et al (2009) further insist that manual restraint involves the risk of injury to the involved parties, but are common in staff members. According to a survey conducted on 269 nurses in the psychiatric care units, they agreed to the fact the manual restraint had positive outcomes, although it was stressful (Stewart, et al, 2009, p.753). Mental disorders are not only evident in adults, but also among

The Evolution of Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Evolution of Work - Essay Example The significant changes in work ethic will be covered as well with relation to history and economy. The definition of work is the physical and/or mental efforts and other activities associated with the accomplishment of a specific duty. The applications of work in everyday life provide a more complicated meaning in part due to the constantly changing actions of humans themselves. This has caused historical context to become more important in the definition of the word. One noteworthy piece of history, which provided work, a new definition, was in the 15th and 16th centuries. The age of navigation was at its peak, and the colonial age became an integral part of history. In this time, work could be defined in two different ways. The first was through thte eyes of the colonizers themselves, and the other was through the eyes of those that were colonized. There was a plethora of work readily available about the western power, as well as in context of the un-colonized world at the time. I n respect to the western power, work was generally defined as parenthood. For these people, conquest was bringing civilization to what they perceived as an uncivilized world. Thus, the processes of conquests were important in the achievement of creating civilization among uncivilized people. The colonizers took the memories they had of their schoolmasters and used them, as they were the learned ones who were charged with the education of the uneducated and to show them a better life (Geddes). However, that definition of work that was exclusive in the eyes of the western power was masked. The plans of the colonizers sounded promising, as they promised a better life and way for the un-colonized people. They introduced the concept of civilization and education through their conquests as a primary source of bringing the life that they had experienced in the lands from which they came. The definition of work was not the same for those who were colonized. For the natives, the definition o f work as acculturation and conformity to their masters demands (Geddes). Although the promises of a better life through the development of the economy was seen as a compromise of the colonies, the benefits of this process being one-sided. This compromise was only beneficial to the colonizers. They began exploiting natural resources and introduced the idea and development of slavery. They took it upon themselves as a burden of their powers to civilize the native people and take the economic advantages they gained for themselves as part of a new development for their homeland (Geddes). Work for the natives ultimately meant the physical aspects of its definition. The natives were placed in forced labor, similar to the curve of the British Empire in India. Work for the colonized people was very hard, as they had to suffer the dictation of the colonizers along with the abuse of their masters (Geddes). As happens with historical progression, economic development and the definition of wor k became more diluted. Mercantilism became moot and capitalism began through the Industrial Revolution. It was in this time that the complications of work became evident through the new technology developing at the time. New machines were invented and introduced, allowing for mass production for the first time. This allowed them to produce products in greater volumes at lower costs. Capital investing and saving were being more strongly considered, and the introduction of wages for workers and profits for

Green Grass, Running Water Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Green Grass, Running Water - Essay Example What is that â€Å"authentic† Indian behavior? Does progress and modernity of the Native Americans mean that they need to say farewell to their original cultural traits? â€Å"Green, Grass, Running Water,† by Thomas King depicts what true Native American spirit is about. What is the nature of struggles of Northern Aboriginal people trying to keep in touch with their culture and/or move towards a more modern western culture—what are its limitations and how far influences of whites in some areas are inevitable? Lionel and his aunt Norma are engaged in an anxious and spirited conversation that has an undercurrent of racial tension. Norma represents the typical Native American in her thinking and she has great apprehensions about the change that she identifies in Lionel as for the white culture. Does she basically hate the white leanings of Lionel? The answer is both yes and no! Rather than hating the whites, she is deeply interested that Lionel should retain the Nat ive identity. They are in a car, and the casual comment by Lionel regarding Indian Council paving a dirt road, is seriously taken up for a racial debate buy Norma. Thomas King writes, (1994, p.7-8) â€Å"Lionel, if you weren’t my sister’s boy, and if I didn’t see you born with my own eyes, I would sometimes think you were white. You sound just like those politicians in Edmonton. Always telling us what we can’t do.† This indicates Norma’s deep-rooted dislike for white dispositions towards which she believes Lionel is moving. Her comparison of Lionel with politicians in Edmonton, gives the clear picture about how the whites perceive the Native American and have poor estimate of their abilities. Thus an unbridgeable gap is established between the Native Indians and White Americans. She sincerely wishes that Lionel remain associated with their heritage and she is apprehensive about his moving towards the other side of the cultural fence that div ides the whites and blacks. The argument between the nephew and the aunt thickens and reaches wider horizons as Norma picks up more issues concerning Lionel. She recalls, when Lionel was a boy, his tonsils were operated upon by a white doctor. She remarks, â€Å"Indian doctors weren’t good enough.†(p.32)This has an element of sarcasm, as well as worry for her about Lionel imitating the white traits, as his life was shaped and influenced by white culture. Her latent resentment towards all that is white is also evident. She doesn’t wish to â€Å"lose† Lionel under any circumstances, and desires to remind him that they should be proud that they belong to the heritage of Northern Aboriginal people of America. Her resentment towards the white race is evident when she sarcastically says addressing her nephew, â€Å""As if they [white men] were something special. As if, there weren't enough of them in the world already" (37) This is almost like a policy stateme nt of Norma as for her attitude towards the white race. It is evident that her concern has assumed serious proportions and she emphatically tells Lionel the desirability to retain his Native American heritage, and not try to imitate the white. Norma dominates in the conversation, speaks without intermission, and hardly gives any chance to Lionel to explain his viewpoints. In defense of her position, Norma gives one more argument from which she desires that Lionel take lessons. She gives the examples of his sister Latisha, who has stuck to the native roots, in establishing and running a good Indian restaurant

Physician Assisted Suicide Essay Example for Free

Physician Assisted Suicide Essay Physician Assisted Suicide (Physician Assisted Suicide) also referred to as Physician Aid-in-dying (PAD) is practice in which a physician assist a terminally patient in the termination of his/her own life by prescribing a deadly/lethal medication. â€Å"The term physician aid-in-dying is used to describe the practice authorized under the Washington and Oregon Death with Dignity Acts†¦.† Starks (2009). In other words physician aid-in dying is the politically correct term. The act is only legal if the patient is terminally ill, has six months or less to live and must be mentally stable to make their own decision. I think Physician Assisted Suicide is unjust because I am a Christian, and based on my religion, it is against the law of God to take the life of another human being. Honestly I must say I contradict myself when it comes to this topic. In my personal opinion I would say Physician Assisted Suicide is ethically permissible because I feel the patient should be allowed to make their own decision when it relates to their own life. A physician’s job is to help alleviate the patient’s pain and if the patient has an illness that cannot be cured and the physician is sure there really is no more he can do for the patient why not aid the in dying. I think it will make things a little easier and more convenient because if a person really is tired of suffering they may decide to end their own life which may be very messy and will cause more devastation to the patient’s family. With the physician’s assistance, the family will be prepared and there will not be a big mess to clean up. From the outside looking in, no one knows what the patient is going through or how much they are suffering; no one understands how they may feel or how much pain they can bare. If they feel death would relieve them from th eir misery and remove the suffering, I think it should be their decision. I really do not see a difference in Physician Assisted Suicide and the refusal of life sustaining treatment (which is legal). If a person refuses treatment which without will cause them to die is it not the same as committing suicide, the only difference is the process will take a longer time period. Dr Timothy Quill states â€Å"the analogy is of one person sitting on the beach waiting for the tide to come in to drown and then another person walking into the ocean to drown.† Boyd (ND) When considering Physician Assisted Suicide and my religion I must disagree, though I am for people being allowed to make their own decisions when it comes to their own life my religion convicts me and tells me I am wrong because no matter how I feel about this situation personally it is still wrong in the eyes of God. Everyone is at fault, the physician is wrong because the bible says it is a sin to cause harm to someone or to take the life of another persons, even though the intentions are good it is against the laws of God. The patient is wrong because it is a sin the take your own life and it is wrong for all who a re in connection with the act and allowing it to take place. God loves us and he does not want us to suffer in pain or live a sad helpless, hopeless life, he will never put more on us than we can bare, even before he created us he knew what time we would be born and he knows the same about when we will die, who are we to try to take control over this? God performs amazing miracles, I have seen him do it, who is to say, before someone decides to end their life, and just before the physician administer the lethal medication, God does not allow for a breakthrough and heal the person. People do not have faith like they should and they do not believe this can be done therefore this is not a risk they are willing to take, most would rather take the easy road and do anything to relieve the suffering right now. Unfortunately, the bulk of this responsibility falls on the physician. Physicians care about their patients, their goal is to find out what is wrong with the patient, diagnose the patient with what they prove to be wrong and then treat the patient until they can either cure the illness or try to extend their life expectancy as long as possible. Ethical egoist may interpret Physician Assisted Suicide as a selfish act, for example, they could insist the physician is abusing the act by pressuring a terminally ill patient or their family to end the life of the patient by advising them it would be for the best because the patient is suffering and there is nothing more he/she can do for the patient. Of course the family would consider what the physician is saying because they do not want their family member to suffer, however, the physician may only be doing what he feel is best for the patient, at the same time a physician should never bring up this topic for discussion, he should allow the patient to address the concern first. There are many ethical issues facing assisted suicide. Many people get â€Å"the right-to-die† confused with â€Å"assisted suicide†. â€Å"While right-to-die cases are different than assisted suicide cases — right-to-die usually refers to the removal of feeding tubes or ventilators keeping unconscious or vegetative patients alive, as opposed to people actively deciding to end their lives†. (Pickert, 2009) Though Physician Assisted Suicide is considered unethical and illegal, recently there have been more calls in favor of its legalization. Some professional arguments in favor of Physician Assisted Suicide are respect for autonomy; self-determination, covering the facts that people should have the right to make their own decisions, they should be able to determine their own place, date and time of death if they wish. Another argument in favor is justice; fairness, this argument takes the matter to a legal level, it allows the patient the right to refuse treatment to perpetuate their life. Compassion; sympathy is argues that suffering is worse that the pain itself, it causes a person to breakdown physically, mentally, and emotionally due to the lack of independence, one may feel like a burden to others, physicians can give medicines to relieve pain but there is no cure for suffering. Honesty and Transparency would open doors for discussions and options, if it was legal is would make it easier for people to talk about it and for physicians to provide better care concerning the end of a person’s life. To this day people are still fighting to make assisted suicide legal. â€Å"Each year for 14 years, Wisconsin legislators have introduced an assisted-suicide bill. So far, all have died in committee, but 2007’s version is still on the table. California, Hawaii, Arizona and Vermont have repeatedly rebuffed assisted-suicide proposals, but each has faced another proposal in 2007. Most of these bills are virtually identical to Oregon’s assisted suicide law †. (Enouen, 2012) I’m sure many have heard or read or about Dr. Kevorkian, who was also in favor of Physician Assisted Suicide, in 1998 administered a lethal injection to his then patient Thomas Youk, on the 60 minutes TV show. In Oakland County, Michigan Physician Assisted Suicide is considered illegal therefore â€Å"Kevorkian was convicted of second degree murder in 1998, and sentenced to a 15-25 year term of which he served 8 years, and was released in 2007† Starks (2009). I’m sure Dr. Kevorkian has been Mr. York’s doctor for many years. I sure they had build a relationship together and Dr. Kevorkian care about him, therefore I’m sure it was not an easy task for the physician to complete, however he (Dr. Kevorkian) did what he felt was best for his patient. On the opposite end there is another group of professionals who oppose Physician Assisted Suicide arguing that it is ethically impermissible. Sanctity of life; due to religious reasons Physician Assisted Suicide is morally wrong. Exodus 20:13 states â€Å"Thou shalt not kill,† Brodman Holman (1979). â€Å"A 1997 study conducted by the American Medical Association (AMA) found that more than half of Americans believe physician-assisted suicide should be legal. Many patients decided to choose assisted suicide because they are afraid of the pain they will endure cause by their illness. There are some alternatives to assisted suicide such as pain management, to make the patients as comfortable as possible. â€Å"With very rare exceptions, physical pain can be eliminated or brought within tolerable limits by aggressive drug therapy-therapy which need not leave the patient in a stupor†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Pain also has a psychological dimension which, if appropriately addressed, can significantly reduce the patients experience of physical pain. The isolation of illness can be reduced through the support of families and the community, as well as the creation of a caring environment in which one is treated†. (Linton, 1993) However, when people are told about alternatives to the technological treatments so many of us fear, and about the availability of pain control and hospice care, their support for physician-assisted suicide goes down to under one-fifth. This study seems to show that when people are informed about all of their end-of-life choices, they are less likely to opt for suicide.† Lynn Harrold (1999, 2006) Many argue that there is a passive vs. active distinction; passive is when one is allowed to die, active is killing someone. When someone refuse treatment or treatment is withheld and they die it is considered justified however when Physician Assisted Suicide is used it is murder and unjustifiable. Others argue that it could be a potential cause for abuse, poor populations with minimal healthcare may be pushed towards Physician Assisted Suicide, and it may become a cost efficient â€Å"way out†. If a family member is a burden to the family, and for insurance purposes, these too may be causes for leaning towards Physician Assisted Suicide. Another argument against Physician Assisted Suicide is professional integrity, it relates to the Hippocratic Oath which states â€Å"I will not administer poison to anyone where asked,† and I will â€Å"be of benefit, or at least do no harm,† Starks (2009) this is the oath that ALL physicians must take before officially becoming doctors. If they agree to Physician Assisted Suicide they are going against the pledge they agreed to, this could initially cause harm to the â€Å"integrity and the public‘s image of the profession,† it may also make it difficult for patients to trust them. Lastly and maybe the most important argument is fallibility of the profession; the fear that physicians could make mistakes, possibly misdiagnosis or prognosis. â€Å"There may be errors in diagnosis or treatment of depression, or inadequate treatment of pain. Thus the State has an obligation to protect lives from these inevitable mistakes and to improve the quality of pain and symptom management at the end of life.† Starks (2009) I think the more research I do agree that Physician Assisted Suicide should remain illegal. I solely make this decision based on my religion. Who are we to make judgment on when to end lives? We did not give life to ourselves or anyone else. I think she should have faith in God and know that he will never put more on you than you can bear. Suicide and assisting someone in a suicide is wrong. As it states in Numbers 35:30, â€Å"whoso killeth any person, the murderer shall be put to death by the mouth of witnesses: but one witness shall not testify against any person to cause him to die.† Brodman Holman (1979) People speak of showing compassion and caring for others, â€Å"killing is not compassion. That is Orwellian Newspeak, a language without meaning. If love is death and mercy is killing, then words mean nothing.† St. Clair (2009 Unfortunately the future affects of assisted suicide is currently undetermined. I personally think people will continue to fight for assisted suicide to become legal, however I do not think this will take place because wither way you look at it, many will still consider this murder. If I was in this situation and had to decide whether to allow my family member to live and suffer or allow them to end their life, I would choose to let them live, based only on my religion and knowing who my God is. This does not mean I wish for my loved one to live in pain or uncomfortable, however this does put my Lord and savior to the test. Through my religion and being raised as Christian I have learned that God will not put more on you than you can bare. At a time like this I will turn to what is known, in my religion, as a secret weapon, and at this point I will fast and pray. I will not ask God to allow my loved one to live or die, however I will ask that his will be done, and if it is his will for my loved one to live I ask for a full quick recovery, if its Gods will to discontinue their life, I will only ask for peace. No matter what situation I encounter I put God first and he enables me to make precise decisions. Personally I feel it must be very difficult to watch as a person you love and care for lay helpless, in pain, suffering from an illness, watching as they deteriorate not only physically, but mentally, spiritually and emotionally. Stepping outside of my spiritual realm I would feel terrible because I would feel I am allowing my loved one to suffer even if they had asked to be â€Å"put down† I may feel God is not healing fast enough and things are not going the way I think they should. Only for the love of the my loved one and to relieve their suffering would I agree with physician assisted suicide, however I think in the end I will feel terrible because I would have assisted in the role to determine when to end their life, knowing it was not my decision to make and not knowing if God was going to open a door and make way for a breakthrough for them to overcome the illness. Just knowing my God I know he can perform miracles and he can make a way out of no way, the hardest thing to do is to be patient. Therefore in the meantime, I would do what I could to make my loved one as comfortable as possible; I will encourage them and continue to pray. I cannot honestly say how I would react in this situation; just the thought of hearing of the death of a loved one and their request to end their life makes me feel as if my heart has been cut in half. At the same time it makes me ask myself, am I being selfish? Do I only want my loved one to live because I love them and I do not feel ready to deal with the death of them? Do their feelings even matter to me? Do I not care that they are suffering? There is so much more to making this decision than I have not really given thought to. If I do agree with the assisted suicide, how would the rest of my life go, will I have to live with the weight on my shoulders that I assisted in the death of my loved? Now this is something I do not think I can live with, just the pressure in the back of my mind would potentially cause depression to set in which will lead to other problems in my life as far as preventing me from giving myself fully to the remainder of my family and being all that I can be, it may also affect my job performance and other areas of my life. I do not think that is something I want to cope with. Therefore I think I would allow the doctors to do all they can do to make my loved one comfortable and ease their pain; I will pray sit back and allow Gods will to be done. I will try to make the last days as enjoyable as possible by spending as much time with them as I can and talking with them, reminiscing about our lives together and special memories. Until Physician Assisted Suicide is legalized nationwide, it should be brought to the forefront and to the attention of the public. Many do not know of this practice until they are face to face with having to make a life or death decision, or until they or a family member is on their death bed. The public should be educated on Physician Assisted Suicide, not to persuade them to agree but for information purposes, they will base their decision on their own understanding, however until everyone gets a full understanding they will all be skeptical. There is a big debate in the topic of Physician Assisted Suicide and both sides present convincing arguments, however it does not look as if an agreement is in the near future, however the Supreme Court did allow each state to pass their own laws on Physician Assisted Suicide and whether it would be legalized or not, nevertheless, as of right now the only state where it is legal is in Oregon, which means at the present moment, if a patient decides he/she wants to terminate his/her life they will need to book a flight to Oregon. References Andrew D. Boyd, University of Texas Southwestern at Dallas, Physician-Assisted Suicide: For and Against (ND) Retrieved from www.amsa.org/AMSA/Libraries/Docs/PhysicianAssistedSuicide.sflb.ashx Brodman Holman Publishers, King James Version (1979) Enouen, S. (2012) Life Issues Institute. Current Attempts to Legalize Assisted Suicide in the U.S. Retrieved from http://www.lifeissues.org/euthanasia/current_attempts.htm Helen Starks, PhD, MPH Assistant Professor, Bioethics and Humanities (2009) Retrieved from http://depts.washingtonedu/bioethx/topics/pad Jane St. Clair, 30 Logical Reasons Against Physician-Assisted Suicide (2009) Retrieved from http://janestclair.net/30-logical-reasons-against-physician-assisted-suicide/ Joanne Lynn, M.D. and Joan Harrold, M.D, Handbook for Mortals: Hastening Death: Arguments against physician-assisted suicide (1999, 2006) Retrieved from http://www.growthhouse.org/mortals/mort2526.html Linton, P.B., (1993) Chicago Tribune. Better Solutions Than Assisted Suicide. December 26, 1993 Retrieved from http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1993-12-26/news/9312260140_1_suicide-assisted-pain Pickert, K. (2009). Time U.S. A Brief History of Assisted Suicide. March 03, 2009. Retrieved from http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1882684,00.html

Literacy is excellent Essay Example for Free

Literacy is excellent Essay â€Å"Nearly a billion people entered the 21st century unable to read a book or sign their names† (Shah 1). Malcolm X describes his experience and struggle not being able to read or write until he got into prison. All he could ever do in prison was sit there, so he figured he would make light of his incarceration. So what he did was study a dictionary and read books to gain a better understanding and learn much more than he had before. Then with doing that, it made him feel free and empowered with his newly found intelligence now knowing what other people had discussed and had read. Malcolm X came up in a segregated time in the United States where black men and women weren’t allowed to be well educated or earn much of a living. Only having an 8th grade education can keep you trapped in your own mind. Therefore, the significance of literacy is immeasurable due to the fact that it is limitless on what you can do with it. Reading and writing has impacted our lives forever and in so many different ways. Write a letter, text a number, or do homework in a textbook. All these situations and more are due to the fact that people over time and now can read and write. The way we first started communication was through drawings known as hieroglyphics; that then transformed over time into different letters and we could finally write down information. That advancement led us to be able to keep records, talk to people without being face to face, and just write down information. â€Å"In my slow, painstaking, ragged handwriting, I copied into my tablet everything printed on the first page, down to the punctuation marks† (Malcolm X 641). Literacy was hard for him to pick up because it was new to him, and also he didn’t have the resources or materials we do now to help him. Communication since then has exploded to the point of other people learning how to read and write other languages and schools being opened to teach a number of new people how to read and write. Communication therefore led us to advancements in communication. We can now talk to someone halfway around the world without spending a fortune for travel fares. The human race in total can read and write so well that we have taught machines like computers, cars, and phones to now read; something we didn’t have just around 20 years ago. Without communication there could be no advancements and without advancements there could be no communication. Therefore, learning to read and write is key in everything we do and come up with. My cousin also had a problem with reading and writing all through school, and even after he graduated. Unlike Malcolm X, when he was younger he kept trying to give up on doing it because it was frustrating and confusing to him. He hated having to learn something he never understood properly and regrets trying to give up for all those years because it’s still a problem now. Having that happen to him has deterred me from me giving up on something I don’t understand so it doesn’t get worse for me or stay a problem forever. Cognate to Malcolm X, I tried over and over to be at least semi-literate in everything I could. For example, when I was in middle school I would always watch the Lincoln high school NJROTC spin rifles and I knew I would do that one day. So in ninth grade I practiced hard and finally learned how to do just about everything they can do and was able to be in the parade. Also cognate to Malcolm X, I believe learning to be literate in anything takes hard work, concentration, and dedication to the fact that you have to pay attention and learn what to do. Works cited page Shah, Anup. â€Å"Poverty Facts and Stats. † Global Issues. 07 Jan. 2013. Web. 22 Sep. 2013. . X, Malcolm. Literacy behind Bars. The Norton Field Guide to Writing with Reading. Ed. Richard Bullock and Maureen Daly Goggin. 3rd ed. New York: W. W. Norton Company, 2013. 460-63. Print.

La Crisis Petrolera

La Crisis Petrolera OBJETIVOS 1. Analizar el impacto mundial que genera a nivel econà ³mico y en los mercados de capital la crisis petrolera. 2. Identificar los factores determinantes de la crisis polà ­ticos, econà ³micos. 3. Presentar informacià ³n cronolà ³gica del desarrollo de la crisis. 4. Analizar los diferentes fenà ³menos econà ³micos presentados en esta crisis haciendo à ©nfasis en la estanflacià ³n presentada en este periodo. INTRODUCCIÓN En la dà ©cada de los 70 se dio lugar a dos crisis petroleras, la primera de ellas en el aà ±o de 1973 y la segunda en el aà ±o de 1979, dichas crisis fueron generadas por los diversos intereses y objetivos que se manejaban entre los paà ­ses miembros de la OPEP (Organizacià ³n de paà ­ses Exportadores de Petrà ³leo), las compaà ±Ãƒ ­as petroleras mà ¡s importantes del mundo y los principales paà ­ses compradores como los Estados Unidos, durante los periodos de crisis la fluctuacià ³n fue incontrolable, caracterizada por el incremento constante de los precios del barril y alimentada por los intereses econà ³micos de los reinos à ¡rabes y la acumulacià ³n de excedentes por parte de las compaà ±Ãƒ ­as petroleras, hechos que impactaron fuertemente a la economà ­a, afectando a los paà ­ses importadores del crudo y a los consumidores de los bienes finales en los cuales es necesaria la implementacià ³n del mismo. Dentro del marco de la crisis tambià ©n juega un papel muy importante el aspecto polà ­tico principalmente el entre Estados Unidos y los paà ­ses del golfo Pà ©rsico con la mayor intervencià ³n de Arabia Saudà ­, por ser el principal productor de petrà ³leo del mundo, dicho papel fue determinante en el periodo de crisis debido a que fue el actor que guià ³ las decisiones de la OPEP, como en el caso de la guerra à ¡rabe-israelà ­ , cuando El gobierno saudà ­ toma la decisià ³n de iniciar un embargo en la produccià ³n, reduciendo un porcentaje importante de la produccià ³n y afectando las economà ­as por los conflictos polà ­ticos. Las consecuencias de las crisis solamente fueron negativas para los consumidores por el alza en los precios, pero fueron benà ©ficas para los productores y las grandes compaà ±Ãƒ ­as petroleras debido a la acumulacià ³n de excedentes lograda durante el periodo la cual se puede ver reflejada en la balanza de pagos de los paà ­ses à ¡rabes. Dichos acontecimientos mostraron que la elasticidad de l a demanda en aquel periodo fue alta, los productores à ¡rabes le mostraron al mundo el poder sobre este mercado y los consumidores entendieron la importancia de la energà ­a. 1. ANTECEDENTES * En 1956 el geà ³logo y director de investigaciones de Shell, inicià ³ un detallado estudio sobre los ritmos del descubrimiento de yacimientos petrolà ­feros en Amà ©rica del Norte, su trabajo demuestra matemà ¡ticamente que la explotacià ³n de todo yacimiento sigue una curva en forma de campana que toma su tiempo para fluir, ademà ¡s concluyo que la produccià ³n americana alcanzarà ­a su punto culminante en el aà ±o de 1970 y que caerà ­a rà ¡pidamente durante los siguientes aà ±os ocasionando un aumento de la dependencia del exterior, tambià ©n afirmà ³ que era inevitable una disminucià ³n de la produccià ³n a pesar de las mejoras en los mà ©todos de perforacià ³n y las nuevas tà ©cnicas de extraccià ³n, pero sus teorà ­as no tuvieron aceptacià ³n ante el gobierno de Estados Unidos, sin embargo sus postulados se cumplieron. * En 1967 el petrà ³leo supero al carbà ³n y se impuso como primera fuente de anergia alrededor del mundo. * Antes de los aà ±os 70 no se mostraban intereses relevantes sobre los recursos petroleros de Arabia Saudà ­, pero despuà ©s de 1970 la produccià ³n Norteamericana inicià ³ su caà ­da a pique y el petrà ³leo Saudà ­ se convierte indispensable. * En 1970 la produccià ³n petrolera Saudà ­ representaba el 13 % de las explotaciones mundiales, y en 1973 pasà ³ al 21 % * El petrà ³leo representaba el 95% de los recursos del reino à ¡rabe, de los cuales el 20% revertà ­a en la familia real. * A mediados de los aà ±os 70 el petrà ³leo representaba mà ¡s de la mitad de las necesidades econà ³micas globales de la humanidad representadas en un 54%, la cantidad de consumido pasà ³ de 300 millones de toneladas en 1960 a mà ¡s de 500 millones en 1975, aumentado en un 160%. * En 1971 se formo una comisià ³n encabezada por Richard Nixon y presidida por el general G. A. Lincoln con el fin de examinar la polà ­tica energà ©tica norteamericana con el trabajo de varios consultores, las conclusiones fueron: 1. Resaltar la necesidad de Estados Unidos de provocar una subida el precio del petrà ³leo importado para lograr estabilizar el precio interno a un nivel elevado e incentivar las inversiones necesarias para el desarrollo de las fuentes nacionales de energà ­a. 2. La comisià ³n tambià ©n recomienda el saneamiento de las relaciones con los paà ­ses exportadores para evitar alteraciones en las importaciones americanas. * El 14 de Febrero de 1971 en Teherà ¡n (Irà ¡n), los representantes de la compaà ±Ãƒ ­as petroleras firmaron un acuerdo con la OPEP, debido a que su situacià ³n solo tenà ­a dos opciones ejecutar o ser ejecutados, por lo tanto firmaron un acuerdo de Capitulacià ³n el cual marco el fin del principio del (Fifty-Fifty) â€Å"mitad- mitad†, desde ese momento los paà ­ses productores poseen el 55% y obtienen un suplemento de 0.30 dà ³lares por barril sobre el precio establecido, sin embargo alcanzo el 0.50 dà ³lares en el aà ±o 1975. * En Julio de 1972 el reino à ¡rabe alcanzà ³ a producir 5.4 millones de barriles diarios y llega a 8.4 millones en 1973 * Para 1973 la industria petrolera necesitaba grandes sumas de capital debido a que afrontaban dificultades financieras, algunas compaà ±Ãƒ ­as Exxon, Shell, BP, PHILIPPS PETROLEUM ocultaban que estaban al borde la quiebra, debido a que habà ­an invertido en proyectos cuyo presupuesto inicial sobrepasà ³ todas sus estimaciones, tales como la construccià ³n de oleoductos, explotacià ³n de zonas fuera de las costas, gigantescos campos petrolà ­feros y nuevas tecnologà ­as para perforaciones, por lo tanto la crisis desatada por los paà ­ses de la OPEP fue la salvacià ³n a su crisis econà ³mica. 2. FACTORES DETERMINANTES DE LA CRISIS En 1964 el prà ­ncipe Feisal de Arabia Saudà ­, sacà ³ del poder a su hermano Saoud. En ese entonces el presidente de Egipto Nasser, era considerado como un puente que permità ­a a Rusia y su comunismo extender su influencia en la regià ³n, por lo que el monarca Saudà ­ debà ­a de alguna forma, depender de la proteccià ³n Estadounidense, sin embargo pidià ³ que los servicios secretos de Estados Unidos no operaran mas dentro de su reino sin tener en cuenta que los americanos no necesitaban de ello, la monarquà ­a conservadora de este paà ­s, la dinastà ­a de los Seoud, se apoyaba en una Islam radical: el Wahhabismo, religià ³n donde el Corà ¡n y la tradicià ³n (Hadith) deben ser interpretados literalmente, Faysal promueve la consolidacià ³n del Wahhabismo imponiendo sus reglas totalitarias, hecho que favorecà ­a a Estados Unidos y a la CIA debido a que el Wahhabismo dirigà ­a y vigilaba a la poblacià ³n, asegurando de cierta manera la estabilidad del paà ­s y junto con ella la estable produccià ³n de petrà ³leo. Estados Unidos tratà ³ de convencer de bajar los precios a los paà ­ses de la OPEP, todo inicià ³ en 1971 con el acuerdo de Teherà ¡n, donde se dieron negociaciones un poco precipitadas entre los representantes de la OPEP y los majors cuyo resultado fue un acuerdo que incluye un alza de 35 cà ©ntimos por barril mà ¡s un aumento anual de 5 cà ©ntimos por barril y otro del 2.5% al aà ±o para compensar la inflacià ³n, dicho acuerdo inicialmente se estipulo que debà ­a estar vigente hasta el aà ±o de 1975, sin embargo 15 meses despuà ©s de su inicio, Estados Unidos empezà ³ una nueva subida de precios de 1976 a 1980, ocasionado por el nombramiento de James Akins como embajador en Arabia Saudà ­, quien fue el director de la administracià ³n de carburantes y de energà ­a en el departamento de Estado y consejero para el petrà ³leo del presidente Nixon, Akins fue el encargado de preparar el informe de la segunda comisià ³n formada para revisar la polà ­tica petrolà ­fera Estadounidense, informe en el cual recomendà ³ la subida de precios.. En Junio de 1972 se reunià ³ el Congreso Arabe del Petrà ³leo de las Naciones con motivo de la celebracià ³n de la nacionalizacià ³n de la Irak Petroleum Company, que controlaba desde hacà ­a 50 aà ±os la explotacià ³n del petrà ³leo en Irak y Siria, en dicho congreso Akins dio un discurso a los asistentes en el cual afirmà ³ que algunos paà ­ses de la OPEP estimaban aumentar el precio del barril hasta que llegara a 5 dà ³lares, cuando en realizada la OPEP ni siquiera habà ­a discutido sobre la variacià ³n de los precios del petrà ³leo y teniendo en cuenta que en el acuerdo del Terà ¡n el precià ³ del barril aumento casi en un 50% pasando de 1.80 a 2.60 dà ³lares, el cual fue el primer aumento desde la creacià ³n de la OPEP, por lo tanto este discursà ³ sorprendià ³ a los asistentes y significo una leccià ³n de radicalismo polà ­tico por parte de su adversario. Por otra parte, en 1973 Nixon pone a las fuerzas Estadounidenses en estado de alerta nuclear por primera vez despuà ©s de la segunda guerra mundial como respuesta a la aparicià ³n de la flota rusa en el mar mediterrà ¡neo la cual se consideraba como una amenaza para Arabia Saudà ­, el paà ­s que le brindaba la mayor cantidad de petrà ³leo a su primer aliado Estados Unidos, por lo tanto los paà ­ses à ¡rabes sintieron apoyo de los Norteamericanos pero a cambio de aumentar la produccià ³n para cubrir la demanda americana, punto que favorecià ³ a occidente. En 1973 en và ­speras de la crisis petrolera, Arabia Saudà ­ tenà ­a mà ¡s del 25 % de las reservas mundiales de petrà ³leo, el 90% de la produccià ³n Saudà ­ provenà ­a de 6 enormes yacimientos concentrados en una pequeà ±a zona del reino à ¡rabe, destacando el mayor yacimiento de petrà ³leo del mundo descubierto en 1948 llamado Ghawar contando con aproximadamente el 17% de todas las reservas de petrà ³leo accesibles en el mundo. A principio de los aà ±os 70 las cuatro compaà ±Ãƒ ­as que formaban ARAMCO: Exxon, Texaco, Mobil y Chevron, fijaban el precio del petrà ³leo producido en Arabia Saudà ­ las cuales pagaban una tasa baja al reino por cada barril vendido, pero a principios del aà ±o 1973 se enfrentaron a mà ºltiples tensiones, temà ­an que sus empresas fueran nacionalizadas, por lo tanto decidieron aumentar el nivel de produccià ³n aprovechando el alza de precios de los barriles, con el fin de poder extraer el mà ¡ximo petrà ³leo antes de que los dirigentes Saudà ­es tomaran el control de los yacimientos, situacià ³n que finalmente se dio en 1976 cuando el consorcio se nacionalizà ³ en cerca de un 60%. 3. DESARROLLO DE LA CRISIS La primera crisis petrolera se presento en el aà ±o de 1973, el 14 de Octubre inicia con las negociones entre los paà ­ses miembros de la OPEP Organizacià ³n de paà ­ses Exportadores de Petrà ³leo y las compaà ±Ãƒ ­as petroleras. El 16 de Octubre, en la ciudad de Kuwait, seis estados del golfo: Arabia Saudà ­, Irà ¡n, Irak, Abu Dhabi, Qatar y Kuwait) deciden unilateralmente aumentar el precio del petrà ³leo pasando de 2 a 3.65 dà ³lares el barril. En aquellos dà ­as se estaba desencadenado la cuarta guerra à ¡rabe-israelà ­, mediante combates, por lo tanto los ministros del petrà ³leo de los paà ­ses à ¡rabes miembros de la OPEP establecieron un embargo y optaron por reducir la produccià ³n en un 5%, mediante la elaboracià ³n de un comunicado en el cual se precisaba que dicho porcentaje seria aplicado todos los meses a partir de las cantidades del mes anterior, hasta la evacuacià ³n total de los israelitas del territorio à rabe ocupados desde Junio de 1967 y el r econocimiento de los derechos legà ­timos del pueblo palestino. La subida del precio de forma unilateral fue el resultado de largas y complejas negociaciones entre los paà ­ses productores y las grandes compaà ±Ãƒ ­as petroleras, mientras que el embargo fue decretado segà ºn lo manifestà ³ el secretario general de la OPEP â€Å"solamente para alertar a la opinià ³n pà ºblica de las naciones occidentales sobre el problema de Israel†,[1] lo que podrà ­a mostrar que nada tenà ­a que ver un hecho con el otro aparentemente, pero era el mejor medio para llevar los precios a niveles mucho mà ¡s elevados. Esta crisis tambià ©n genero una gran solidaridad entre los paà ­ses à ¡rabes como no lo habà ­an conseguido là ­deres como Gamal Abdel Nasser, en el momento de la nacionalizacià ³n del canal del Suez. El 16 de octubre se convoca una reunià ³n urgente en Kuwait de la OPAEP (grupo de los paà ­ses à ¡rabes en el seno de la OPEP), por el rey Feisal, esto con el fin de hacer al presidente Sadat, junto con el emir de Kuwait, en esta reunià ³n todos los paà ­ses à ¡rabes exportadores se comprometieron a disminuir la produccià ³n partiendo del mes vigente en un mà ­nimo de 5% por cada mes siguiente â€Å"hasta que se complete la retirada de Israel de todo los territorios à ¡rabes ocupados en junio 1967 y hasta que los derechos legales del pueblo de palestina se hayan restablecido†.[2] Arabia Saudà ­ decide no hacer una reduccià ³n en la produccià ³n no solo en un 5 sino en un 10%. Siguiendo esta iniciativa varios paà ­ses tambià ©n inician a hacer cortes en el mismo porcentaje, y en la mayorà ­a se prohà ­be la exportacià ³n a Estados Unidos y algunos de ellos tambià ©n a Holanda. Estos cortes junto a los ocasionados por el conflicto que se venà ­a cursando en ese momento redujeron en un 15% los suministros de petrà ³leo a Occidente en un tiempo de dos semanas. A inicios de noviembre en otra reunià ³n en el mismo lugar se decidià ³ un reduccià ³n del 25 por ciento generales respecto del nivel anterior de la guerra, esto hizo que todos los paà ­ses consumidores tomaran medidas urgentes, prepararse para una escasez. Adicionalmente a esto fue la decisià ³n del incremento en el precio en una gran magnitud sin algo nunca antes visto, el 70 % o mà ¡s.[3] EL PRIMER IMPACTO DE LA CRISIS PETROLERA (Precios de referencia de precios por barril ) Tipo de crudo 1 de octubre 16 de octubre % incremento Arabia ligero 34  ° 3.011 5.119 70 Irà ¡n ligero 34 ° 2.995 5.091 70 Iraq, Bastah 35 ° 2.997 5.061 70 Kuwait 31 ° 2.884 4.903 70 Abu, Dhabi, Murban39 ° 3.084 6.045 96 Libia 40 ° 4.604 8.925 94 Frente a estas decisiones la reaccià ³n que se esperaba de los paà ­ses consumidores era un respuesta agresiva o de ataque, pero por el contrario fue nula, pues en este momento la economà ­a de ellos estaba en auge y particularmente desde la devaluacià ³n de facto del dà ³lar en diciembre de 1971, con crecimientos de la produccià ³n industrial del 6,3 por ciento en 1972 y hasta junio de 1973, llevando a los occidentales a el punto mà ¡ximo de su capacidad productiva, este à ©xito o prosperidad tambià ©n se veà ­a o se extendà ­a a los paà ­ses menos desarrollados, al reforzar sus mercados en exportaciones en volumen y en valor. Al no recibir respuesta los paà ­ses à ¡rabes decidieron dar un nuevo golpe, duplicando los ya elevados precios en enero de 1974, adicionalmente a esto no cumplieron lo pacto de reducir la produccià ³n de 75% a un 70% lo que hicieron fue aumentarla en un 85%. Arabia saudita un poco mas consiente del efecto devastador que ejercerà ­an sobre las economà ­as de los paà ­ses industriales, trato sin à ©xito de limitar el alza a un 50%. El aumento final de un 130 % fue una propuesta final del el Irà ¡n y Arabia Saudà ­. El SEGUNDO IMPACTO DE LA CRISIS PETROLERA (Precios de referencia de precios por barril ) Tipo de crudo 16 de octubre 1 de enero % incremento Arabia ligero 34  ° 5.119 11.651 128 Iran ligero 34 ° 5.091 11.875 133 Iraq, Bastah 35 ° 5.061 11.671 131 Kuwait 31 ° 4.903 11.545 135 Abu, Dhabi, Murban39 ° 6.045 12.636 109 Libia 40 ° 8.925 13.765 54 Con este nuevo incremento los precios de multiplicaron prà ¡cticamente por cuatro o por ocho si se comparan con los precios existentes en el 70, esto comparado con el resto de las materias primas y los bienes manufacturados que se multiplicaron por menos de 2% en el mismo periodo de tiempo. El sistema de fijacià ³n de precios mediante negociacià ³n quedo sustituido por la decisià ³n unilateral de los paà ­ses exportadores, a partir de 1974 se realizaron mas incrementos pero mà ¡s moderados que los de octubre y noviembre hasta la siguiente gran crisis en 1979. LA PRIMERA CRISIS DEL PETRÓLEO Fuente: Fondo Monetario Internacional 4. IMPACTO SOBRE LOS PAISES EXPORTADORES Y LAS GRANDES COMPAÑIAS. Los grandes beneficiados con la crisis petrolera fueron los paà ­ses exportadores de petrà ³leo, tanto en tà ©rminos monetarios como en tà ©rminos de participacià ³n y control de sus reservas, seguidos por las grandes compaà ±Ãƒ ­as petroleras. Los excedentes de las balanzas posteriores a 1974 por cuenta corriente de los paà ­ses de la OPEP ascendieron a 68.000 millones de dà ³lares, y promediaron los 35.000 millones de dà ³lares anuales en el periodo de 74/78, la OPEP obtuvo un excedente conjunto de unos 10.000 millones de dà ³lares lo que equivalà ­a entonces a la mitad del total mundial de las reservas monetarias oficiales. Estos excedentes no se repartieron en forma homogà ©nea y las diferencias entre los paà ­ses fueron enormes algunos paà ­ses se volvieron inmensamente ricos de la noche a la maà ±ana mientras que otros solo obtuvieron un efecto moderadamente favorable. Por esto la renta per cà ¡pita ascendà ­a en 1978 a 15.000 dà ³lares en Kuwait por encima de cualquier paà ­s industrial, mientras que indonesia otro paà ­s de la OPEP con 300 dà ³lares de renta per cà ¡pita comparado con otro paà ­s como la India la diferencia no era mà ­nima que no era un paà ­s productor de petrà ³leo. Otros paà ­ses como el Irà ¡n estaban en camino de entrar en la era de la industrializacià ³n, pero esto traerà ­a consecuencias para el rà ©gimen del Shah y para el propio pueblo iranà ­, Nigeria seguà ­a el mismo camino que Irà ¡n, pero en forma mà ¡s gradual, estas diferencias se mantenido despuà ©s de la crisis petrolera, Arabia Saudita por ejemplo, con 8n millones de habitantes , posee el 38,5 por ciento de las reservas de la OPEP, Ecuador con una poblacià ³n de 9 millones tiene solo el 0,3 por ciento, por esto las rentas y las capacidades de absorcià ³n de los mercados individuales son diferentes, la perspectivas que par la industrializacià ³n ofrecen las rentas petroleras son igualmente muy distintas. Las diferencias se hicieron patentes en los aà ±os siguientes a la crisis, como consecuencias de la reduccià ³n de ventas y el fuerte incremento en las importaciones, lo que trajo como resultado un deterioro de la posicià ³n exterior de algunos paà ­ses exportadores mientras que otros continuaban con fuertes superà ¡vits, Arabia Saudà ­ por ejemplo mantuvo durante todo el periodo un fuerte excedente por cuenta corriente, mientras la balanza por cuenta corriente de Argelia para a ser deficitaria a partir de 1975. En 1978 Nigeria y Venezuela presentaron dà ©ficits tambià ©n importantes aunque en general el superà ¡vit de la OPEP alcanzo la cifra de 177.700 millones en este periodo. Evolucià ³n de las balanzas de pagos a nivel mundial (Balanzas por cuenta corriente incluyendo incluyendo transferencias oficiales) (miles de millones de dà ³lares) 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1974 a 1978 Paà ­ses industrializados 17,7 -139 17,8 -2,2 -4,9 30,5 27,3 Siete paà ­ses mayores 12,7 -4,9 22,1 7,5 7,6 33,9 66,2 Otros paà ­ses industriales 5 -8,9 -4,3 -9,7 -12,6 -3,5 -39,0 Paà ­ses en và ­as de desarrollo Paà ­ses exportadores de petrà ³leo 6.7 68,3 35,4 40,3 30,8 2,9 177,7 Paà ­ses no exportadores de petrà ³leo -11,6 -37,0 -46,5 -32,0 -28,3 -39,2 -183,0 Por à ¡reas à frica -2,1 -3,5 -6,9 -6,1 -6,6 -9,0 -32,1 Asia -2,4 -9,6 -8,9 -2,6 -0,6 -6,8 -28,5 Europa 0,3 -4,3 -4,7 -4,1 -7,6 -5,2 -25,9 Oriente Medio -2,6 -4,5 -7,0 -5,4 -5,2 -6,5 28,6 Amà ©rica del sur -4,7 -13,5 -16,4 -11,9 -8,7 -13,2 -63,7 TOTAL 12,8 17,4 6,7 6,1 -2,4 -5,8 22,0 Fuentes: Fondo Monetario Internacional y OCDE El fuerte incremento de las reservas monetarias de la OPEP reflejarà ­a la marcada preferencia de estos paà ­ses por formas liquidas de inversià ³n de sus fondos excedentarios, por esto en 1974 los dos tercios de los fondos disponibles para inversiones fueron depositados en bancos o invertidos en bonos del tesoro, fundamentalmente en los paà ­ses industrializados, aun que en los aà ±os siguientes se redujeron los porcentajes a pesar de algunas inversiones como la del Irà ¡n en Krupp, de Kuwait en Daimlet- Benz y el de Libia en Fiat. El manejo fundamental de los dà ³lares procedentes del petrà ³leo (petrodà ³lares), correspondià ³ principalmente a la banca internacional, con bastante eficacia quien tambià ©n ayudo a financiar a veces con bastantes riesgos, pero tambià ©n con sustanciales beneficios los dà ©ficits de las balanzas por cuenta corriente de gran nà ºmero de paà ­ses. El desglose por estados productores paso de 14.400 millones de dà ³lares en 1972 a 119.200 millones en 1978 con incremento en la percepcià ³n media por barril en mà ¡s de seis veces. Las rentas de petrà ³leo de los principales paà ­ses exportadores (miles de millones de dà ³lares) 1972 1974 1976 1978 Arabia Saudita 3,1 22,6 33,5 35,8 Irà ¡n 2,4 17,5 22,0 20,5 Irak 0,6 5,7 8,5 9,8 Venezuela 1,9 8,7 8,0 5,6 Nigeria 1,2 8,9 8,5 8,2 Libia 1,6 6,0 7,5 8,6 Kuwait 1,7 7,0 8,5 9,2 Qatar 0,3 1,6 2,0 2,0 E.A.U 0,5 5,5 7,0 8,0 Argelia 0,7 3,7 4,5 5,0 Otro 0,4 3,3 6,1 6,5 Total OPEP 14,4 90,5 116,1 119,2 Ingresos medios por barril ($) 1,9 8,4 11,1 11,8 Fuente: El petrà ³leo y la crisis mundial Otra consecuencia que para los paà ­ses exportadores tuvo la crisis petrolera, fue la del cambio de propiedad del crudo extraà ­do en los mismos. Aà ±os antes de la crisis el petrà ³leo era propiedad mà ¡s o menos exclusiva de las compaà ±Ãƒ ­as que lo habà ­an encontrado y principalmente de las siete grandes compaà ±Ãƒ ­as internacionales, la fuerza de estas se basaba en su acceso a grandes cantidades de crudo a â€Å" precio de coste† del que podà ­an disponer al coste de su produccià ³n mà ¡s las regalà ­as (mà ¡s o menos el 12,5 por ciento de los precios de referencia) y la fiscalidad( normalmente el 55 por ciento de los beneficios teà ³ricos basados en los precios de referencia) A principios de 1974 Kuwait concreto un acuerdo con las compaà ±Ãƒ ­as que operaban en su territorio, Gulf y BP, por el que el 60% del crudo pasaba a ser propiedad de Kuwait, acuerdo que se hizo extensivo rà ¡pidamente a otros paà ­ses, en los siguientes cuatros aà ±os siguientes el proceso quedo completado con la nacionalizacià ³n de las concesiones por los paà ­ses productores. Para las grandes corporaciones el resultado de la cuarta guerra à rabe- Israelà ­ fue un gran beneficio econà ³mico al igual que para los Estado Unidos lo fue en lo polà ­tico( y mà ¡s tarde en lo econà ³mico consecuencias de los gigantescos beneficios acumulados por sus sociedades petroleras y por su gran banca a la que habà ­an de afluir una gran parte de los excedentes monetarios acumulados por los paà ­ses productores de petrà ³leo) , las cifras en el cuarto trimestre del 1973 comparadas con las de los à ºltimos trimestres de los dos aà ±os anteriores eran noblemente altas, estos beneficios se prologaron hasta los aà ±os 80 y aun mas doblemente con la segunda crisis petrolera de 1979, la guerra hizo surgir un nuevo y poderoso cartel de la OPEP y como mencionà ¡bamos hizo perder a las compaà ±Ãƒ ­as la propiedad directa de crudo en la mayor parte de los paà ­ses, esta estrategia fue aprovechada a fondo, proporcionando a estas grandes sociedades un incremento de su poderà ­o econà ³mico en proporciones que no hubieran podido soà ±ar. Beneficios comparados de las grandes sociedades petroleras Unidad: millones de dà ³lares 1971 1972 1973 Exxon 357,0 353,0 638,0 Royal Dutch Shell 209,3 110,5 413,7 Texaco 218,2 207,4 307,4 Mobil Oil 134,1 140,9 231,2 Standard Oil de California 135,0 150,5 276,0 Gulf Oil 141,0 110,0 210,0 British Petroleum 87,0 35,0 135,0 Evolucià ³n de los beneficios declarados por las grandes compaà ±Ãƒ ­as 1972-1978 Unidad: millones de dà ³lares 1972 1974 1976 1978 Exxon 1.532 2.142 2.641 2.763 Mobil 574 1.047 943 1.126 Standard Oil de California 547 970 880 1.106 Royal Dutch Shell 282 1.161 1.300 1.086 Texaco 889 1.586 870 852 Gulf Oil 197 1.065 816 791 British Petroleum 71 487 180 444 Fuentes: El petrà ³leo y la crisis mundial 5. EL IMPACTO SOBRE LOS PAà SES CONSUMIDORES El tema de los paà ­ses consumidores se centro en la disminucià ³n de los suministros de petrà ³leo provenientes de los paà ­ses à ¡rabes, pero a medida que se fue restableciendo se dieron cuenta que el verdadero problema era la multiplicacià ³n por 4 del precio del petrà ³leo. Esta alza fue interpretada como una agresià ³n totalmente injustificada. Los paà ­ses productores de petrà ³leo y las grandes compaà ±Ãƒ ­as petroleras se convirtieron ante la opinià ³n pà ºblica en los responsables de todos los males: la desaceleracià ³n del crecimiento, la inflacià ³n, del incremento del paro, de las restricciones al consumo que tan duramente afectaron a la mayorà ­a de los paà ­ses consumidores en el 73/74. Entre los paà ­ses desarrollados los tres mejor que menor la superaron fueron los Estados Unidos, el Japà ³n y la Republica Federal Alemana aun que por razones diferentes. La R.F.A. debido a su poderà ­o industrial, de un plan energà ©tico de lucha contra la inflacià ³n y a la calidad de sus redes de exportacià ³n no llego a ver su equilibrio de pagos exteriores en peligro, el Japà ³n un caso similar aunque tuvo un fuerte impacto inicial pero logro recuperarse, en cuanto a los Estados Unidos, el sistema monetario internacional le permite un desequilibrio permanente de su balanza por cuenta corriente, ademà ¡s como ya se habà ­a mencionado el cambio de la situacià ³n era un punto a su favor, sino ademà ¡s porque los dà ©ficits de las paà ­ses europeos obligaban a estos a conseguir mas y mas dà ³lares, que continà ºan siendo la pieza clave del sistema monetario internacional y las alzas del petrà ³leo permitieron a muchos pequeà ±os productores a pasar a ser competitivos y obtener enormes beneficios adicionales. Por el contrario para el resto de los paà ­ses industrializados y sobre todo para los del tercer mundo no productores de petrà ³leo, la crisis fue una verdadera catà ¡strofe, pues los dà ©ficits se elevaron a 183.000 millones de dà ³lares en el periodo de 1974 -78 y a 39.000 millones para los paà ­ses de industrializacià ³n media. En lugar de lograr un acuerdo de unià ³n entre los paà ­ses consumidores fue lo contrario un insolidaridad, es decir se lanzaron a una polà ­tica de â€Å"sà ¡lvese quien pueda† intentando firmar acuerdos bilaterales con los paà ­ses productores mediante delegaciones aisladas, tratando cada una de obtener los mejores beneficios que el vecino. Aunque se hizo un intento en Washington por lo representes de los 13 paà ­ses importadores de petrà ³leo no se consiguià ³ nada practico y cada uno siguià ³ sus negociaciones independientes como por ejemplo para conseguir cantidades especificas de petrà ³leo a cambio de ciertas mercancà ­as (escasas) manufacturadas: armamento moderno y tecnologà ­a de punta, con esto consiguieron que los gobiernos exportadores de que su petrà ³leo era tan importante como el oro y asà ­ estos nacionalizaron mà ¡s rà ¡pido su producciones con las alzas en los precios y generando los asà ­ el camino para siguiente crisis cinco aà ±os despuà ƒ ©s. La primera crisis petrolera se manifestà ³ en primer lugar en una caà ­da generalizada del ritmo del crecimiento econà ³mico. Todos los paà ­ses de LA OCDE (Organizacià ³n para la Cooperacià ³n y el Desarrollo Econà ³mico), experimentaron recesiones de mayor o menor intensidad, los intercambios al interior de esta organizacià ³n se redujeron en 12% en volumen entre el primer semestre de 1974, y el primer trimestre de 1975. Las empresas temiendo nuevas restricciones en la produccià ³n o nuevos aumentos en los precios del petrà ³leo, prefirieron liquidar sus stocks de productos terminados para responder a la demanda antes que incrementar la produccià ³n, por lo que las inversiones se vinieron abajo, acentuando aun mà ¡s la recesià ³n. El efecto de la primera crisis petrolera sobre el crecimiento econà ³mico Tasas de variacià ³n anual <

Social Phenomena Essay -- Functionalist and Interactionist Perspective

Over time, three main theories have developed to explain social phenomena. While each theory has significant differences, there are points of each one that can help shed light on how society works. While some theories attempt to explain our social reality based on how each part of a society works together, other theories focus on the conflicts in the society, or the interaction between individuals in a society (Kendall, 23). The three classic theories of sociology include the functionalist perspective, conflict perspective, and symbolic interactionist perspective. The functionalist perspective aims to explain sociological phenomena based on the belief that our society is a balanced system that depends on each part of the group to work together in order to survive. Most people in the group share that same morals and ethics. This varies greatly from the perspective of conflict theorists, who believe that each part of society is constantly in a struggle. One of the key figures in developing the conflict perspective was C. Wright Mills. He believed that crucial decisions in the United States are mainly made by people in private, known as the â€Å"power elite† (Kendall, 26). This means that decisions made in this country are typically made by top bureaucrats and politicians. The conflict perspective does not say that society is a system that is based on the functions of each part like the functionalist perspective states; rather, each part is constantly in a â€Å"power struggle† (Kendall, 25). Both of these perspectives focus on the larger aspect of society, also known as macrolevel analysis. The symbolic interactionist perspective is based on microlevel analysis, which means that it focuses on smaller groups and individuals instead of larg... ...uing questions and insights for the future. Our interactions with others play a large role in developing our society. The symbolic perspective does not believe in reality as we believe it; rather we create our own values through interaction with others. It also helps shed light on how new cultures and customs become accepted into a society. For instance, the pià ±ata was once used in China, and it is now something used during celebrations in various cultures (Kendall, 85). This shows how one society can adopt the symbols of another and take them as their own. When we combine these perspectives and focus on our interactions with one another, what function we each play in the society, and take into account the power struggles that occur, we gain a better understanding of society as a whole. Each of these theories helps explain different aspects of our social reality.

The Functions of Managers Essay -- Business Management Studies

The Functions of Managers Good management and leadership are critical for organisations to function and also for the organisations to thrive. When organisations are well managed just like Barclay, they can operate effectively and they can operate efficiently. Managers have very good and clear plans, mangers have organised structures, systems, and they also evaluate results. When organisations are well led, they adapt to changes in the environment and develop cultures that inspire commitment and innovation. Both good management and good leadership are necessary to sustain organisational performance. Mangers are responsible for getting work done usually through other people; the term manger may also refer to a number of different people within a business. Some job titles include the word manager, such as a personal manger or managing director. Other jobholders may also be mangers even through there titles do not say it. - Mangers act on behalf of the owners – in a company, senior management are accountable shareholders - Mangers set objectives for the organisation, for example, they may decide that a long-term objective is to have a greater market share than all of the company’s competitors. - Managers make sure that a business achieves its objectives, by managing others. - Managers ensure that cooperate values which means the value of the organisation are maintained in dealings with other business, customers, employees and general public. When an organisation is managed well mangers effectively perform four essential management functions Henry Fayol the French management theorist listed a number of functions or elements of management these are: - Planning - Organising - Commanding - Coordinating - Controlling Planning This involves mangers setting objectives and also the strategies, policies, programmes and procedures for achieving them. Planning might be done by line mangers who will be responsible for performance. However advice on planning may also come from staff management who might have expertise in that are even if they have no line authority. For example, a production may carry out human recourse planning in the production department, but use the skills of the personal manager in planning recruitment for vacancies that may arise. In general, planning involves defining organis... ... a range of departments for example the finance department they will monitor there budget and performance. The process by which person group or organisation consciously monitors performance and takes corrective action this is called controlling, another example would be that Barclays finance department will be controlling and monitoring customers transactions, etc, etc and they will keep a history and they will keep a record file of that customer. Management control system sends signal to managers that things are not working out as planned and that corrective action is needed. - Barclays bank monitor and measure what is being archived in each of their department. - Barclays control, monitor there sales performance. - Barclays control and monitor their cash flow against their budget. Leading After management has made plans, created a structure of work practice, and hired the right personal, someone must lead the organisation, leading involves communicating with and motivating others to perform the tasks necessary to achieve the organisations goals. Leading is not done only after planning and organising end, it is a crucial element of these functions.

Indifference to War in Remarque’s All Quiet on the Western Front Essay

Indifference to War in Remarque’s All Quiet on the Western Front In Remarque’s All Quiet on the Western Front, characters such as Paul and his friends become indifferent to shocking elements of war through constant exposure to them. For example, the characters are unconcerned about the dangers of the front because they are accustomed to being on the front. In another instance, Paul’s friends show no emotions when they witness snipers killing enemy soldiers. Also, Kat finds the unusual effects of mortar shells amusing. These examples prove that through war, characters of the book have become indifferent to things that they would normally find shocking. Many characters on the front are indifferent to the dangers of the front. They are not concerned about near death e...

Franz Kafka Essay

Franz Kafka was born in Prague on July 3rd 1883, a German-speaking Jew. His father was a large, dominating man named Hermann. A lot of his work reflected his hatred for his father, in the play Metamorphosis and also in Letter to His Father, which reflects his feelings of inferiority and paternal rejection. His work was not of one specific genre. His work was of fantasies, dreams and human suffering. It was eclectic. Dying of Tuberculosis after the First World War, he wanted his work to be burnt upon his death, but his friend, Max Brod realised their potential and published them contrary to his wishes. His three most renowned pieces of work were The Trial, The Castle and Amerika. Kafka’s three sisters all perished in German concentration camps. The themes of Kafka’s work are the loneliness, frustration, and oppressive guilt of an individual threatened by anonymous forces beyond his comprehension or control. In literary technique, his work has the qualities both of expressionism and of surrealism. Kafka’s lucid style, blending reality with fantasy and tinged with ironic humour, contributes to the nightmarish, claustrophobic effect of his work. Like in his famous long short story â€Å"Metamorphosis† where Gregor Samsa, a hardworking insurance agent, awakens to find that he has turned into an enormous insect. Rejected by his family, he is left to die alone. Simulating the situation in his own home, it seems that Kafka based Gregor around himself. Mr. Samsa also seems to be represented as Hermann Kafka, Franz’s own dominating father. Kafka was heavily influenced by religion. As a Jew in his time, there were huge effects of anti-Semitism on their race, although Hitler’s rule over Germany and his terror-regime over the Jewish at the time was later on in the 1930’s, Kafka probably would have faced racist remarks and cruelty towards him and his work. As the son of an assimilated Jew who held only perfunctorily to the religious practices and social formalities of the Jewish community, Kafka was German both in language and culture. The absurdity of this social and cultural position created an ambiguous reality for Kafka, often more hallucinatory than realistic. Steven Berkoff was born into a family of Russian Jewish immigrants, and was born in the East End of London on the 3rd August 1937. During World War 2, in 1942 he was evacuated to Luton to avoid bombing. When he was 14 years old his family moved to the USA. This gave him the vision to see where he wanted to go and what he wanted to do in life. Moving back to Britain, he finished school, saved up enough money and went to France at the age of 19 to study the art of mime. Upon returning to London in 1968 he formed the London Theatre Group. It was in 1969 that Berkoff remade Kafka’s Metamorphosis. In 1976 he married his second (and present) wife, Shelley Lee. With the London Theatre Group, Berkoff attempted to create something unique. The London Theatre Group prided itself with trying to cover all forms of theatre. They wanted to be everything. They called their work a â€Å"fusion of elements†. Their main aim was to shock the audience. There were no set rules to Berkoff’s theatre. It was a mixture of many kinds of theatre, influenced by many people. The London Theatre Group wanted people of all social backgrounds to come and see their plays. Another thing they tried to do was to move away from conventional theatre, and use different ways of using the stage and positioning the audience. In The Penal Colony, The Trial and Metamorphosis were three plays of Kafka’s that Berkoff remade. Other plays the London Theatre Group has performed include Macbeth, Miss Julie versus Expressionism, Agamemnon, The Fall of the House of Usher, East, Greek, Hamlet, Decadence, West, Lunch, Actor, Harry’s Christmas, Kvetch, Sink the Belgrano!, Salome, Acapulco, Brighton Beach Scumbags, Dog, Storm und Drang, Dahling you were Marvellous, Massage, Shakespeare’s Villains, The Messiah. The Bow of Ulysses, Ritual in Blood and The Secret Love Life of Ophelia amongst many others. He also starred in many movies such as A Clockwork Orange and Rambo. He usually played the villain, but the main reason for his film roles was to fund his theatre productions. Berkoff was an atheist, explaining his wish to attract people of all social masses to see his plays. He never uses religious effects in his plays to avoid any conflict of cultures. Brecht was an influence of Berkoff. Brecht didn’t want to get involved with an audience. Another influence was Peter Brook, an expert of slapstick. Stanislavski believed in naturalism, the opposite of Brecht, and yet Berkoff used elements from both Brecht and Stanislavski in his work. This is shown in Metamorphosis, as without the audience’s sympathies for Gregor, the play would not work. Antonin Artauds was another influence. He was involved in theatre of the absurd. Again, Berkoff uses these ideas, mainly to shock the audience in his productions.

Production Strategy Essay

The original human action of beat fatigued for machining and weld during the construct of nonp beil Body prescribed100 (includes the machining and join mos menti unrivaledd in digit Unit, beg pose and Pec-dec property) atomic human body 18 eight (8) moments.The extreme do of hours worn-out(a) for pic and polish in the wide-cut summons (includes the machining and weld hours menti geniusd in Frame Unit, public press invest, and Pec-dec come out) is louver (5) hours.The list sum of hours exhausted for Assembling, interrogatory and furtherance for the catch up with of cardinal BodyPlus100 motorcar is cardinal (2) hours.BodyPlus two hundredThe heart rate of m spent on machining and join in the entire cipher on (includes the machining and weld hours menti 1d in Frame Unit, urge on Station, Pec-dec Station and Leg Press Station) during the counterbalance of unrivalled BodyPlus200 auto is twelve (12) hours.The match count of hours spent for Pai nting and finis in the entire process (includes the machining and weld hours menti bingle and only(a)d in Frame Unit, Press Station, Pec-dec Station and Leg Press Station) is ten (10) hours.The bring number of hours spent for Assembling, testing and encase for the fiction of i BodyPlus100 automobile is two (2) hours.CalculationsThe essence number of works hours designate for machining and conjoin processes is 600 hours.The entire number of on the job(p) hours appoint for ikon and terminate processes is 440 hours.The derive number of working hours assigned for Assembling, examen and promotional material is 140 hours.To find fall out the contribute number of tools that sewer be do can be put up out in the following math.As either of the political elevator cars (BodyPlus100 and BodyPlus200) supplicates two (2) hours of assembling, testing and promotion metre. radical number of elevator cars to be produced like a shot let the ingrained number of BodyPlus 100 machines cook ups be denoted by the variable X and the core number of BodyPlus200 machines even outd be denoted by the variable Y.Therefore, the fit age compulsory for Assembling, testing and Packaging is 2 hours.That implies, 2X + 2Y =140Then X+Y=70. There we get the conglomeration number of possible machines that can be make argon seventy in number.As the recommended number of BodyPlus200 machines that have to be produced must(prenominal) be at least 25% of the total number of machines produced.Then Y takes a value of 25% of the total number of possible machines i.e. seventy (70).Therefore, 17 fills in the best value of at least 25% of total number of machines produced when the count of total number of machines produced argon sixty five (65).Taking the number of BodyPlus100 machines and BodyPlus200 machines inventd to be 49 and 16 in numbers respectively. Then the slowness follows asTime required for machining and conjoin1) BodyPlus100In the Frame building block, it takes four (4) hours of machining and welding cadence.In the Press Station, it takes two (2) hours of machining and welding cartridge holder.In the Pec-dec Station, it takes two (2) hours of machining and welding time.The total number of machining and welding time interpreted in the occasion of unrivalled BodyPlus100 machine is eight (8) hours.Therefore, the total time interpreted for machining and welding processes during the manufacture of 49 BodyPlus100 is 49*8 = 392 hours.2) BodyPlus200In the Frame social unit of measurement, it takes five (5) hours of machining and welding time.In the Press Station, it takes trine (3) hours of machining and welding time.In the Pec-dec Station, it takes two (2) hours of machining and welding time.In the Leg Press Station, it takes two (2) hours of machining and welding time.The total number of machining and welding time taken in the manufacture of virtuoso BodyPlus200 machine is twelve (12) hours.Therefore, the total time taken for m achining and welding processes during the manufacture of 17 BodyPlus200 is 17*12 = 204 hours.Therefore, the total number of hours spent for the entire manufacture processes is equal to 392 + 204 = 596 hours and so, we bewildered 4 hours of ground little machining and welding time.Time required for Painting and finishing1) BodyPlus100In the Frame unit, it takes two (2) hours of motion-picture show and finishing time.In the Press Station, it takes iness (1) hours of moving picture and finishing time.In the Pec-dec Station, it takes two (2) hours of painting and finishing time.The total number of painting and finishing time taken in the manufacture of sensation BodyPlus100 machine is five (5) hours.Therefore, the total time taken for painting and finishing processes during the manufacture of 49 BodyPlus100 is 49*5 = 245 hours.2) BodyPlus200In the Frame unit, it takes four (4) hours of painting and finishing time.In the Press Station, it takes two (2) hours of painting and finish ing time.In the Pec-dec Station, it takes two (2) hours of painting and finishing time.In the Leg Press Station, it takes two (2) hours of painting and finishing time.The total number of painting and finishing time taken in the manufacture of whizz BodyPlus200 machine is ten (10) hours.Therefore, the total time taken for machining and welding processes during the manufacture of 17 BodyPlus200 is 17*10 = 170 hours.Therefore, the total number of hours spent for the entire manufacture processes is equal to 245 + 170 = 415 hours.Where the total number hours assigned for painting and finishing is 450 hours. therefrom, we lost 35 hours of unused painting and finishing time.Time required for Assembling, scrutiny and Packaging1) BodyPlus100The manufacturing of one BodyPlus100 machine takes two (2) hours of assembling, testing and box time.Therefore, the total number of hours spent in assembling, testing and packaging during the manufacture of 49 machines is 49*2= 98hours.1) BodyPlus200Th e manufacturing of one BodyPlus200 machine takes two (2) hours of assembling, testing and packaging time.Therefore, the total number of hours spent in assembling, testing and packaging during the manufacture of 17 machines is 17*2= 34hours.In total, the total number of hours spent during the entire process is 98 + 34 = 132 hours.As the assigned number of assembling, testing and packaging time is 140 hours.So, eight (8) hours of the assembling, testing and packaging time is unused. get along Cost for producing the machines1) BodyPlus100The BodyPlus100 machine consists of four (4) units.Frame unit Where the unprocessed material salute for each BodyPlus100 unit is $450 in this Frame Unit.Press Station hither the unprocessed material be for each BodyPlus100 unit is $300 in this Press Station.Pec-dec Station Here the sore material terms for each BodyPlus100 unit is $250 in this Pec-dec Station.Packaging Here the estimated cost for each BodyPlus100 unit is $50 for packaging.2) BodyP lus200The BodyPlus200 machine consists of five (5) units.a) Frame unit Where the novel material cost for each BodyPlus200 unit is $650 in this Frame Unit.b) Press Station Here the raw material cost for each BodyPlus200 unit is $400 in this Press Station.c) Pec-dec Station Here the raw material cost for each BodyPlus200 unit is $250 in this Pec-dec Station.Leg Press Station Here the raw material cost for each BodyPlus100 unit is $200 in this Leg Press Station.Packaging Here the estimated cost for each BodyPlus200 unit is $75 for packaging.Labor Costs during the manufacture cognitive processMachining and welding given(p) that the mash cost are $20 per hour for machining and welding time. nowadays the total number of hours spent for machining and welding in manufacturing one BodyPlus100 and one BodyPlus200 are eight (8) and twelve (12) respectively. Therefore, the turn over be for machining and welding estimated for manufacturing one BodyPlus100 to be 8*20 = $ one hundred sixty. And, the hollow be for machining and welding estimated for manufacturing one BodyPlus200 to be 12*20 = $240.Painting and finishing Given that the exertion costs are $15 per hour for painting and finishing time.Now the total number of hours spent for painting and finishing in manufacturing one BodyPlus100 and one BodyPlus200 are five (5) and ten (10) respectively. Therefore, the constancy party costs for painting and finishing estimated for manufacturing one BodyPlus100 to be 5*15 = $75. And, the labor costs for painting and finishing estimated for manufacturing one BodyPlus200 to be 10*15 = $150.Assembly, Testing and Packaging Given that the labor costs are $12 per hour for assembly, testing, and packaging time.Now the total number of hours spent for assembling, testing and packaging in manufacturing one BodyPlus100 and one BodyPlus200 are two hours each. Therefore, the labor costs for painting and finishing estimated for manufacturing one BodyPlus100 to be 2*12 = $24. And, the labor costs for painting and finishing estimated for manufacturing one BodyPlus200 to be 2*12 = $24.Hence the total labor costs in manufacturing 49 BodyPlus100 are49*($clx+$75+$24) = 49*($259) = $12691Also, the total labor costs in manufacturing 17 BodyPlus200are17*($240+$150+$24) =17*($419) = $7123 crude expenditure in the production of one unit of BodyPlus100 The total cost do in the manufacture of one BodyPlus100 machine (includes raw costs and labor costs) $450+$ cx+$300+$55+$250+$70+$50+$24 = $1309.BodyPlus200 The total cost made in the manufacture of one BodyPlus200 machine (includes raw costs and labor costs) $650+$160+$400+$75+$250+$70+$200+$70+$75+$24 = $1974. dough CalculationsThe retail price of one BodyPlus100 machine is $2400.The retail price of one BodyPlus200 machine is $3500.An authorized dealer give barter for at only 70% of the suggested retail price.Hence, a exchange of one BodyPlus100 leave alone produce 70% of $2400 = $1680And a barter of one BodyPlus200 will produce 70% of $3500 = $2450.Admittedly, the kale mesh that is made in the sale of one BodyPlus100 machine is ($1680 $1309) = $371.Whereas the elucidate wage that is made in the sale of one BodyPlus200 machine is ($2450 $1974) = $476.Here the authorize profit made on manufacturing one BodyPlus200 machine ($476) is big in number than the profit that is made on manufacturing one BodyPlus100 machine ($371).But if we calculate the net profit that is made per hour work will entirely change the touch sensation onto BodyPlus100 machine.As, we get a profit of $476 later on working 24 hours in manufacturing BodyPlus200 machine. This manner the net profit made per hour on manufacturing one BodyPlus200 is only $476/24 = $19.83Whereas, the net profit made on manufacturing one BodyPlus100 machine is $371 after working for 15 hours.Therefore, profit made per hour is $371/15 = $24.73ConclusionSo, referring to the above profit math increasing the production pct (i.e. 75%) in the tot al production will gradually increase the profits of the company.Solutions Plus Table2.1No. of gallons requiredFreight ChargesNo of gallons supplied from intact charges for raptus CincinnatiOaklandCincinnatiOaklandCincinnatiOaklandSanta Ana22,4180.2222,4184,931.96El Paso6,8000.840.746,8005,032Pendleton80,2900.830.4930,29050,00025,140.724,500Houston100,4770.4550,44750,00022,701.15Kansas urban center241,5700.36191,57050,00068,965.2Los Angeles64,7610.2214,76150,00011,000Glendale33,6890.2233,6897,411.58Jacksonville68,4860.3418,48650,0006,285.24Little gem148,5860.3498,58650,00033,519.24Bridgeport111,4750.3451,47550,00017,501.5capital of California112,0000.1562,00050,0007,500Total990,522Grand Total517,615462,907Here we can see that the total numbers of gallons that are delivered from Cincinnati are more(prenominal) than 500,000 gallons. So we are abruptly of 17,615 gallons of the locomotives cleaning operator that has to be delivered from Cincinnati.To satisfy the requirement of the majority of the dealers in the remaining locations, and considering the profits, all the 17,615 gallons of the cleaning instrument is reduced from the Pendleton deal. Table2.2No. of gallons required action cost for the total number of gallonsTotal charges for shippingTotal expenditure from Cincinnati($1.20/gallon)Oakland($1.65/gallon)CincinnatiOaklandCincinnatiOaklandSanta Ana22,418$36,989.70$4,931.96$41,921.66El Paso6,800$11,220.00$5,032.00$16,252.00Pendleton62,675$15,210.00$82,500.00$10,520.25$24,500.00$25,730.25$107,000.00Houston100,477$60,536.40$82,500.00$22,701.15$83,237.55$82,500.00Kansas city241,570$229,884.00$82,500.00$68,965.20$298,849.20$82,500.00Los Angeles64,761$17,713.20$82,500.00$11,000.00$17,713.20$93,500.00Glendale33,689$55,586.85$7,411.58$62,998.43Jacksonville68,486$22,183.20$82,500.00$6,285.24$28,468.44$82,500.00Little Rock148,586$118,303.20$82,500.00$33,519.24$151,822.44$82,500.00Bridgeport111,475$61,770.00$82,500.00$17,501.50$79,271.50$82,500.00Sacr amento112,000$74,400.00$82,500.00$7,500.00$74,400.00$90,000.00After reducing the supply to the Pendleton concerning larger profits, the total no. of gallons of cleaning agent sent to the Pendleton will be 17,615 less than that stated in Table-2.1 Table-2.3No. of gallons requiredNo. of gallons suppliedTotal Expenditure(in $)Total Income from each location (15% more than the substantial cost)Santa Ana22,41822,418$41,921.66$48,209.91El Paso6,8006,800$16,252.00$18,689.80Pendleton***80,29062,675$132,730.25$152,639.79Houston100,477100,477$165,737.55$190,598.18Kansas city241,570241,570$381,349.20$438,551.58Los Angeles64,76164,761$111,213.20$127,895.18Glendale33,68933,689$62,998.43$72,448.20Jacksonville68,48668,486$110,968.44$127,613.71Little Rock148,586148,586$234,322.44$269,470.81Bridgeport111,475111,475$161,771.50$186,037.23Sacramento112,000112,000$164,400.00$189,060.00TOTAL990,552972,937$1,583,464.67$1,821,214.39*** indicates the locations that are short of the locomotive cleaning agen t than they require by any amount.ConclusionHence the net profit made for one year is $237,749.72 and if the mastery is made for one year the total amount has to be $1,821,214.39 but given that the bid has to be made for two historic period. Then the bid price would be $3,642,428.78And the profit evaluate in two years (taken the crude prices are fixed) is $475,499.44If the anele price is hiked by 15% so also profit is expected for the Solution Plus caller-up as there are a few(prenominal) locations which are supplied with the cleaning agents without any shipping charges. So only a fringy amount of profit can be made in two years even after placing the bid. If the price of oil is slashed by any margin, then there will be more profits for the Company after one year.